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Gateway 和 VirtualService ​

Gateway 和 VirtualService 是 Istio 中用于管理流量的核心资源。

目录 ​

  1. Gateway 概述
  2. VirtualService 概述
  3. 基本配置
  4. 实践示例
  5. 高级模式
  6. 故障排除

Gateway 概述 ​

Gateway 定义了外部流量进入网格的入口点。

yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
  name: my-gateway
  namespace: istio-system
spec:
  selector:
    istio: ingressgateway  # Select Ingress Gateway pods
  servers:
  - port:
      number: 80
      name: http
      protocol: HTTP
    hosts:
    - "myapp.example.com"
  - port:
      number: 443
      name: https
      protocol: HTTPS
    tls:
      mode: SIMPLE
      credentialName: myapp-tls-secret
    hosts:
    - "myapp.example.com"

VirtualService 概述 ​

VirtualService 定义如何路由通过 Gateway 进入的流量。

yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: myapp
  namespace: default
spec:
  hosts:
  - "myapp.example.com"
  gateways:
  - istio-system/my-gateway
  http:
  - match:
    - uri:
        prefix: "/api"
    route:
    - destination:
        host: api-service
        port:
          number: 8080
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: frontend-service
        port:
          number: 3000

基本配置 ​

HTTP 流量 ​

yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
  name: http-gateway
spec:
  selector:
    istio: ingressgateway
  servers:
  - port:
      number: 80
      name: http
      protocol: HTTP
    hosts:
    - "*"  # Allow all hosts
---
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: app-routes
spec:
  hosts:
  - "*"
  gateways:
  - http-gateway
  http:
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        port:
          number: 8080

HTTPS 流量 ​

yaml
# Create TLS certificate Secret
kubectl create secret tls myapp-tls \
  --cert=myapp.crt \
  --key=myapp.key \
  -n istio-system
yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
  name: https-gateway
  namespace: istio-system
spec:
  selector:
    istio: ingressgateway
  servers:
  - port:
      number: 443
      name: https
      protocol: HTTPS
    tls:
      mode: SIMPLE
      credentialName: myapp-tls
    hosts:
    - "myapp.example.com"

实践示例 ​

基于路径的路由 ​

yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: path-routing
spec:
  hosts:
  - "myapp.example.com"
  gateways:
  - my-gateway
  http:
  # API traffic
  - match:
    - uri:
        prefix: "/api/v1"
    route:
    - destination:
        host: api-v1
        port:
          number: 8080
  # Admin traffic
  - match:
    - uri:
        prefix: "/admin"
    route:
    - destination:
        host: admin-service
        port:
          number: 9000
  # Default traffic
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: frontend
        port:
          number: 3000

基于请求头的路由 ​

yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: header-routing
spec:
  hosts:
  - reviews
  http:
  # Mobile traffic
  - match:
    - headers:
        user-agent:
          regex: ".*Mobile.*"
    route:
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: mobile-v2
  # Developer traffic
  - match:
    - headers:
        x-dev-user:
          exact: "true"
    route:
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: v3
  # Default traffic
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: v1

多域名配置 ​

yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
  name: multi-domain-gateway
spec:
  selector:
    istio: ingressgateway
  servers:
  - port:
      number: 443
      name: https-api
      protocol: HTTPS
    tls:
      mode: SIMPLE
      credentialName: api-tls
    hosts:
    - "api.example.com"
  - port:
      number: 443
      name: https-admin
      protocol: HTTPS
    tls:
      mode: SIMPLE
      credentialName: admin-tls
    hosts:
    - "admin.example.com"
---
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: api-routes
spec:
  hosts:
  - "api.example.com"
  gateways:
  - multi-domain-gateway
  http:
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: api-service
---
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: admin-routes
spec:
  hosts:
  - "admin.example.com"
  gateways:
  - multi-domain-gateway
  http:
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: admin-service

高级模式 ​

HTTP 重定向到 HTTPS ​

yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
  name: secure-gateway
spec:
  selector:
    istio: ingressgateway
  servers:
  # HTTP (for redirect)
  - port:
      number: 80
      name: http
      protocol: HTTP
    hosts:
    - "myapp.example.com"
    tls:
      httpsRedirect: true  # Redirect to HTTPS
  # HTTPS
  - port:
      number: 443
      name: https
      protocol: HTTPS
    tls:
      mode: SIMPLE
      credentialName: myapp-tls
    hosts:
    - "myapp.example.com"

URL 重写 ​

yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: url-rewrite
spec:
  hosts:
  - "myapp.example.com"
  gateways:
  - my-gateway
  http:
  - match:
    - uri:
        prefix: "/old-api"
    rewrite:
      uri: "/api/v2"  # URL rewrite
    route:
    - destination:
        host: api-service

请求头添加/修改 ​

yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: header-manipulation
spec:
  hosts:
  - reviews
  http:
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: reviews
    headers:
      request:
        add:
          x-custom-header: "custom-value"
          x-forwarded-proto: "https"
        set:
          x-api-version: "v2"
        remove:
          - x-internal-header
      response:
        add:
          x-response-time: "100ms"

重定向 ​

yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: redirect-example
spec:
  hosts:
  - "myapp.example.com"
  gateways:
  - my-gateway
  http:
  - match:
    - uri:
        prefix: "/old-page"
    redirect:
      uri: "/new-page"
      authority: "newapp.example.com"

故障排除 ​

Gateway 未正常工作 ​

bash
# 1. Check Gateway status
kubectl get gateway -n istio-system

# 2. Check Ingress Gateway pods
kubectl get pods -n istio-system -l istio=ingressgateway

# 3. Check Gateway configuration
kubectl describe gateway my-gateway -n istio-system

# 4. Check Envoy configuration
istioctl proxy-config listeners -n istio-system istio-ingressgateway-xxx

VirtualService 路由失败 ​

bash
# 1. Check VirtualService
kubectl get virtualservice

# 2. Analyze configuration
istioctl analyze

# 3. Check routing rules
istioctl proxy-config routes -n istio-system istio-ingressgateway-xxx

# 4. Check logs
kubectl logs -n istio-system -l istio=ingressgateway --tail=100

TLS 证书问题 ​

bash
# Check Secret
kubectl get secret -n istio-system myapp-tls

# Check Secret contents
kubectl describe secret -n istio-system myapp-tls

# Check Gateway TLS configuration
istioctl proxy-config secret -n istio-system istio-ingressgateway-xxx

最佳实践 ​

  1. Namespace 隔离：Gateway 位于 istio-system，VirtualService 位于应用程序 Namespace
  2. 必须使用 TLS：在生产环境中始终使用 HTTPS
  3. 明确指定 Host：使用明确的域名，而非通配符（*）
  4. 匹配条件顺序：特定条件在前，通用条件在后
  5. 资源命名：使用一致的命名约定

参考资料 ​