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第 6 部分:分布式追踪分析

难度:高级 预计时间:45 分钟 最后更新:February 22, 2026

学习目标

  • 使用 Tempo 和 Grafana 执行端到端追踪分析
  • 识别服务瓶颈和性能问题
  • 配置 Loki-Tempo 关联以实现日志-追踪链接
  • 使用 Exemplars 从指标深入分析到追踪
  • 构建全面的可观测性仪表板

前置条件

  • [ ] 已完成 第 5 部分:告警和 AIOps
  • [ ] 已运行使用 OTel instrumentation 的 MSA 服务
  • [ ] Tempo 正在接收追踪数据
  • [ ] Loki 正在接收包含 traceId 的日志

深入分析工作流


练习 1:TraceQL 追踪搜索

步骤

步骤 1.1:通过 Tempo 访问 Grafana Explore

bash
GRAFANA_URL=$(kubectl -n monitoring get svc grafana \
  -o jsonpath='{.status.loadBalancer.ingress[0].hostname}')

echo "Open: http://$GRAFANA_URL/explore"
echo "Select data source: Tempo"

步骤 1.2:搜索服务器错误(5xx)

traceql
{ status = error } | select(span.http.status_code, resource.service.name, duration)

步骤 1.3:查找缓慢请求(> 1 秒)

traceql
{ duration > 1s && span.http.method = "POST" } | select(resource.service.name, name, duration)

步骤 1.4:搜索数据库慢查询

traceql
{ span.db.system = "postgresql" && duration > 100ms }

步骤 1.5:查找 SQS 发布延迟

traceql
{ span.messaging.system = "sqs" && span.messaging.operation = "publish" && duration > 500ms }

步骤 1.6:复杂查询 - 包含特定服务的错误追踪

traceql
{ resource.service.name = "order-service" && status = error }
| select(span.http.status_code, span.http.route, duration, span.error.message)
| order by duration desc
| limit 20

TraceQL 查询参考

使用场景TraceQL 查询
所有错误{ status = error }
缓慢追踪{ duration > 1s }
特定服务{ resource.service.name = "order-service" }
HTTP 500 错误{ span.http.status_code >= 500 }
数据库查询{ span.db.statement =~ "SELECT.*" }
跨服务{ resource.service.name = "api-gateway" } >> { resource.service.name = "order-service" }

练习 2:服务图可视化

步骤

步骤 2.1:在 Grafana 中启用 Service Graph

bash
# Service Graph is auto-generated from trace data
# Access: Grafana > Explore > Tempo > Service Graph tab

步骤 2.2:分析服务依赖关系

Service Graph 显示:

  • 服务节点(圆形)
  • 请求流(箭头)
  • 请求速率(箭头粗细)
  • 错误率(红色强度)
  • 延迟(悬停时显示)

步骤 2.3:识别瓶颈服务

请查找:

  1. 延迟高的服务(响应缓慢)
  2. 错误率高的服务(红色节点)
  3. 入站连接多的服务(潜在热点)
  4. 具有扇出模式的服务(多个下游调用)

练习 3:延迟识别工作流

步骤

步骤 3.1:延迟分析工作流表

步骤操作工具要查找的内容
1检查 P99 延迟趋势Prometheus/Grafana突然峰值或逐渐增加
2识别受影响的服务Service Graph红色/缓慢节点
3查找缓慢追踪TraceQL{ duration > p99 }
4分析追踪瀑布图Tempo耗时长的 span、span 之间的间隙
5检查 span 详情Tempodb.statement、http.url、错误消息
6与日志关联Loki相同时间戳附近的错误
7检查资源指标PrometheusCPU、内存、连接池

步骤 3.2:实际延迟分析

bash
# Step 1: Find P99 latency
# In Grafana Explore with Prometheus:
histogram_quantile(0.99, sum(rate(http_server_request_duration_seconds_bucket{service="order-service"}[5m])) by (le))

# Step 2: Find traces above P99
# In Grafana Explore with Tempo:
{ resource.service.name = "order-service" && duration > 800ms }

# Step 3: Analyze a specific trace
# Click on a trace to see the waterfall view

# Step 4: Identify the slowest span
# Look for spans with longest duration relative to parent

步骤 3.3:常见延迟模式

模式症状可能原因
单个缓慢 span一个 span 占用 90% 的追踪时间数据库查询、外部 API
串行 span多个 span 按顺序执行缺少并行化
span 之间的间隙存在未被记录的时间GC 暂停、线程争用
扇出延迟多个并行调用,其中一个缓慢某个下游服务性能下降
持续高延迟所有请求都很慢资源耗尽

练习 4:Loki-Tempo 关联

步骤

步骤 4.1:配置双向链接

第 2 部分中配置的 Grafana 数据源已设置关联。请验证:

bash
# Check Tempo datasource config
kubectl get configmap -n monitoring grafana -o yaml | grep -A20 "Tempo"

步骤 4.2:追踪到日志(Tempo → Loki)

  1. 在 Grafana Explore(Tempo)中打开一个追踪
  2. 单击一个 span
  3. 单击“Logs for this span”按钮
  4. Grafana 使用 traceId 查询 Loki

步骤 4.3:日志到追踪(Loki → Tempo)

  1. 在 Grafana Explore 中选择 Loki
  2. 运行日志查询:
    logql
    {namespace="msa"} | json | level="ERROR"
  3. 查找包含 traceId 的日志行
  4. 单击 traceId 链接以跳转到 Tempo

步骤 4.4:验证关联是否正常工作

bash
# Generate a test request and find it in both systems
curl -X POST "http://$API_URL:8080/api/v1/orders" \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"customer_id":"TEST-001","product_id":"PROD-001","quantity":1}'

# Note the response and search in Tempo:
# { resource.service.name = "api-gateway" && span.http.route = "/api/v1/orders" }

# Find the traceId and search in Loki:
# {namespace="msa"} |= "traceId" | json | traceId = "<your-trace-id>"

练习 5:Exemplar 使用

步骤

步骤 5.1:理解 Exemplars

Exemplars 将指标数据点链接到特定追踪,从而能够从异常指标深入分析到实际请求。

步骤 5.2:在 Grafana 中查看 Exemplars

  1. 打开 Grafana > Explore > Prometheus
  2. 在启用 Exemplars 的情况下查询:
    promql
    histogram_quantile(0.99, sum(rate(http_server_request_duration_seconds_bucket{service="order-service"}[5m])) by (le))
  3. 在图表中查找菱形标记(exemplars)
  4. 悬停在菱形标记上以查看 traceId
  5. 单击以导航到 Tempo

步骤 5.3:配置 Exemplar 显示

bash
# Ensure Prometheus is recording exemplars
kubectl get configmap -n monitoring kube-prometheus-stack-prometheus -o yaml | grep exemplar

步骤 5.4:Grafana 中的 Exemplar 查询

promql
# Show request duration with exemplars
http_server_request_duration_seconds_bucket{service="order-service"}

# In Query Options, enable "Exemplars"

练习 6:全面仪表板设置

步骤

步骤 6.1:RED 仪表板(速率、错误、持续时间)

bash
cat > /tmp/red-dashboard.json << 'EOF'
{
  "dashboard": {
    "title": "MSA RED Dashboard",
    "tags": ["obs-lab", "red", "sre"],
    "panels": [
      {
        "title": "Request Rate by Service",
        "type": "timeseries",
        "gridPos": {"h": 8, "w": 8, "x": 0, "y": 0},
        "targets": [{
          "expr": "sum(rate(http_server_request_count{namespace=\"msa\"}[5m])) by (service)",
          "legendFormat": "{{service}}"
        }]
      },
      {
        "title": "Error Rate by Service",
        "type": "timeseries",
        "gridPos": {"h": 8, "w": 8, "x": 8, "y": 0},
        "targets": [{
          "expr": "sum(rate(http_server_request_count{namespace=\"msa\",http_status_code=~\"5..\"}[5m])) by (service) / sum(rate(http_server_request_count{namespace=\"msa\"}[5m])) by (service)",
          "legendFormat": "{{service}}"
        }],
        "fieldConfig": {
          "defaults": {
            "unit": "percentunit",
            "thresholds": {
              "steps": [
                {"value": 0, "color": "green"},
                {"value": 0.01, "color": "yellow"},
                {"value": 0.05, "color": "red"}
              ]
            }
          }
        }
      },
      {
        "title": "P99 Latency by Service",
        "type": "timeseries",
        "gridPos": {"h": 8, "w": 8, "x": 16, "y": 0},
        "targets": [{
          "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, sum(rate(http_server_request_duration_seconds_bucket{namespace=\"msa\"}[5m])) by (le, service))",
          "legendFormat": "{{service}}"
        }],
        "fieldConfig": {
          "defaults": {
            "unit": "s"
          }
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}
EOF

curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -u admin:ObsLab2026! \
  -d @/tmp/red-dashboard.json \
  "http://$GRAFANA_URL/api/dashboards/db"

步骤 6.2:SLI/SLO 仪表板

SLI目标(SLO)查询
可用性99.9%1 - (sum(rate(http_server_request_count{status_code=~"5.."}[30d])) / sum(rate(http_server_request_count[30d])))
P99 延迟< 500mshistogram_quantile(0.99, sum(rate(http_server_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le)) < 0.5
吞吐量> 100 RPSsum(rate(http_server_request_count[5m])) > 100

步骤 6.3:基础设施仪表板

面板指标用途
Node CPUnode_cpu_seconds_totalNode 资源使用情况
Node Memorynode_memory_MemAvailable_bytes内存压力
Pod CPUcontainer_cpu_usage_seconds_totalPod 资源使用情况
Pod Memorycontainer_memory_working_set_bytes容器内存
PVC 使用量kubelet_volume_stats_used_bytes存储消耗

步骤 6.4:追踪仪表板

面板数据源用途
追踪计数Tempo metrics追踪量
Span 持续时间热力图Tempo持续时间分布
Service GraphTempo依赖关系可视化
错误追踪表Tempo最近的错误

清理

重要提示:请完成此清理部分,以避免持续产生 AWS 费用。

清理步骤表

资源命令说明
MSA 应用程序kubectl delete namespace msa删除所有 MSA pods/services
可观测性堆栈helm uninstall kube-prometheus-stack -n monitoringPrometheus、Alertmanager
Lokihelm uninstall loki -n logging日志存储
Tempohelm uninstall tempo -n tracing追踪存储
Grafanahelm uninstall grafana -n monitoring仪表板
OTel Collectorkubectl delete namespace opentelemetry遥测管道
ArgoCDhelm uninstall argocd -n argocdGitOps
KEDAhelm uninstall keda -n keda自动扩缩容器
Locustkubectl delete deployment locust-master locust-worker -n msa负载测试

完整清理脚本

bash
#!/bin/bash
set -e

echo "Starting cleanup..."

# 1. Delete MSA applications
echo "Deleting MSA namespace..."
kubectl delete namespace msa --ignore-not-found

# 2. Delete observability stack (Managed Cluster)
kubectl config use-context $(kubectl config get-contexts -o name | grep obs-managed)

echo "Uninstalling Helm releases..."
helm uninstall grafana -n monitoring --ignore-not-found || true
helm uninstall kube-prometheus-stack -n monitoring --ignore-not-found || true
helm uninstall victoria-metrics -n monitoring --ignore-not-found || true
helm uninstall mimir -n monitoring --ignore-not-found || true
helm uninstall loki -n logging --ignore-not-found || true
helm uninstall tempo -n tracing --ignore-not-found || true
helm uninstall fluent-bit -n logging --ignore-not-found || true
helm uninstall argocd -n argocd --ignore-not-found || true
helm uninstall grafana-oncall -n monitoring --ignore-not-found || true

# 3. Delete namespaces
echo "Deleting namespaces..."
kubectl delete namespace monitoring logging tracing opentelemetry argocd --ignore-not-found

# 4. Delete Service Cluster resources
kubectl config use-context $(kubectl config get-contexts -o name | grep obs-service)
helm uninstall keda -n keda --ignore-not-found || true
helm uninstall argo-rollouts -n argo-rollouts --ignore-not-found || true
kubectl delete namespace keda argo-rollouts msa opentelemetry --ignore-not-found

# 5. Delete EKS clusters
echo "Deleting EKS clusters (this takes 15-20 minutes)..."
eksctl delete cluster -f ~/obs-lab/managed-cluster.yaml --wait || true
eksctl delete cluster -f ~/obs-lab/service-cluster.yaml --wait || true

# 6. Delete AWS resources
echo "Deleting AWS resources..."

# Aurora
aws rds delete-db-instance --db-instance-identifier obs-lab-aurora-1 --skip-final-snapshot --region $AWS_REGION || true
sleep 60
aws rds delete-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier obs-lab-aurora --skip-final-snapshot --region $AWS_REGION || true

# OpenSearch
aws opensearch delete-domain --domain-name obs-lab-logs --region $AWS_REGION || true

# AMP
AMP_WORKSPACE_ID=$(aws amp list-workspaces --alias obs-lab-prometheus --query "workspaces[0].workspaceId" --output text --region $AWS_REGION)
aws amp delete-workspace --workspace-id $AMP_WORKSPACE_ID --region $AWS_REGION || true

# SQS/SNS
SQS_QUEUE_URL=$(aws sqs get-queue-url --queue-name obs-lab-orders --query QueueUrl --output text --region $AWS_REGION 2>/dev/null)
aws sqs delete-queue --queue-url $SQS_QUEUE_URL --region $AWS_REGION || true

SNS_TOPIC_ARN=$(aws sns list-topics --query "Topics[?contains(TopicArn, 'obs-lab-alerts')].TopicArn" --output text --region $AWS_REGION)
aws sns delete-topic --topic-arn $SNS_TOPIC_ARN --region $AWS_REGION || true

# S3 buckets
aws s3 rb s3://obs-lab-loki-${ACCOUNT_ID} --force --region $AWS_REGION || true
aws s3 rb s3://obs-lab-tempo-${ACCOUNT_ID} --force --region $AWS_REGION || true
aws s3 rb s3://obs-lab-mimir-${ACCOUNT_ID} --force --region $AWS_REGION || true
aws s3 rb s3://obs-lab-mwaa-${ACCOUNT_ID}-${AWS_REGION} --force --region $AWS_REGION || true

# Lambda and API Gateway
aws lambda delete-function --function-name obs-lab-aiops-agent --region $AWS_REGION || true

# IAM policies
aws iam delete-policy --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::${ACCOUNT_ID}:policy/obs-lab-amp-access || true
aws iam delete-policy --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::${ACCOUNT_ID}:policy/obs-lab-logging-access || true

# CloudWatch Alarms
aws cloudwatch delete-alarms --alarm-names obs-lab-aurora-cpu-high obs-lab-sqs-message-age obs-lab-opensearch-health obs-lab-critical-composite --region $AWS_REGION || true

# 7. Cleanup local files
echo "Cleaning up local files..."
rm -rf ~/obs-lab

echo "Cleanup complete!"
echo "Note: Some resources may take additional time to fully delete."
echo "Verify in AWS Console that all resources are removed."

验证

bash
# Verify EKS clusters deleted
eksctl get cluster --region $AWS_REGION

# Verify AWS resources deleted
aws rds describe-db-clusters --query "DBClusters[?DBClusterIdentifier=='obs-lab-aurora']" --region $AWS_REGION
aws opensearch describe-domain --domain-name obs-lab-logs --region $AWS_REGION 2>&1 | grep -q "ResourceNotFoundException" && echo "OpenSearch deleted"
aws amp list-workspaces --alias obs-lab-prometheus --region $AWS_REGION

总结

在本实验系列中,您已构建了一个完整的可观测性平台:

部分涵盖的主题关键技能
1基础设施EKS、AWS 服务、ArgoCD 多集群
2可观测性堆栈OTel、Prometheus、Loki、Tempo、Grafana
3MSA 部署ArgoCD、Argo Rollouts、OTel instrumentation
4负载测试k6、KEDA、Karpenter 自动扩缩容
5告警和 AIOpsAlertmanager、OnCall、Bedrock Claude
6追踪分析TraceQL、关联、exemplars

关键要点

  1. 三大支柱集成:指标、日志和追踪协同工作,实现完整的可观测性
  2. OTel 标准化:OpenTelemetry 提供厂商中立的 instrumentation
  3. 多后端策略:扇出到多个后端,以获得冗余和灵活性
  4. 可观测性驱动部署:使用自动化分析的 Canary 发布
  5. AIOps 自动化:AI 驱动的事件分析可降低 MTTR
  6. 关联是关键:TraceID 链接支持端到端调试

最终验证清单

  • [ ] 完整的指标→exemplar→追踪→日志深入分析正常工作
  • [ ] Service Graph 显示所有 MSA 依赖关系
  • [ ] Canary rollout 使用可观测性指标进行决策
  • [ ] 告警触发并到达通知渠道
  • [ ] AIOps agent 提供有用的分析
  • [ ] 已清理所有资源以避免费用

后续步骤

完成本实验系列后:

  1. 生产部署:将这些模式应用于生产工作负载
  2. 自定义 instrumentation:添加业务特定的指标和追踪
  3. SLO 实施:使用错误预算定义和跟踪 SLO
  4. 混沌工程:引入可控故障以测试可观测性
  5. 成本优化:实施采样和保留策略

参考资料