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Pods 和 Workloads 实验指南 ​

难度: 初级 预计时间: 50 分钟 最后更新: February 11, 2026

学习目标 ​

  • 使用 YAML 创建和管理 Pods
  • 部署和扩缩 Deployments
  • 执行滚动更新和回滚

前提条件 ​

  • [ ] 已安装 kubectl 并具有集群访问权限（minikube 或 kind）
  • [ ] 已完成 Pods 和 Workloads 学习

练习 1：Pod 创建与管理 ​

步骤 ​

步骤 1.1：编写 Pod YAML

bash
cat > /tmp/nginx-pod.yaml << 'EOF'
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: nginx-lab
  labels:
    app: nginx
    env: lab
spec:
  containers:
  - name: nginx
    image: nginx:1.25
    ports:
    - containerPort: 80
    resources:
      requests:
        memory: "64Mi"
        cpu: "100m"
      limits:
        memory: "128Mi"
        cpu: "200m"
EOF

kubectl apply -f /tmp/nginx-pod.yaml

步骤 1.2：检查 Pod 状态

bash
kubectl get pod nginx-lab -o wide
kubectl describe pod nginx-lab
kubectl logs nginx-lab

步骤 1.3：访问 Pod 内部

bash
kubectl exec -it nginx-lab -- bash
# Run inside:
curl localhost
exit

验证 ​

bash
kubectl get pod nginx-lab -o jsonpath='{.status.phase}'
# Output: Running

练习 2：Deployment ​

步骤 ​

步骤 2.1：创建 Deployment

bash
cat > /tmp/nginx-deployment.yaml << 'EOF'
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx-deploy
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx-deploy
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx-deploy
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:1.24
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
EOF

kubectl apply -f /tmp/nginx-deployment.yaml

步骤 2.2：检查 Deployment 状态

bash
kubectl get deployment nginx-deploy
kubectl get replicaset
kubectl get pods -l app=nginx-deploy

步骤 2.3：扩缩容

bash
kubectl scale deployment nginx-deploy --replicas=5
kubectl get pods -l app=nginx-deploy -w
# Press Ctrl+C to stop watching
需要提示吗？
  • kubectl get pods -w 会实时监控变化
  • ReplicaSet 由 Deployment 自动管理
  • 使用 -l 选项按标签过滤

验证 ​

bash
READY=$(kubectl get deployment nginx-deploy -o jsonpath='{.status.readyReplicas}')
echo "Ready replicas: $READY"

练习 3：滚动更新 ​

步骤 ​

步骤 3.1：更新镜像

bash
kubectl set image deployment/nginx-deploy nginx=nginx:1.25 --record
kubectl rollout status deployment/nginx-deploy

步骤 3.2：检查更新历史

bash
kubectl rollout history deployment/nginx-deploy
kubectl get replicaset -o wide

验证 ​

bash
kubectl get deployment nginx-deploy -o jsonpath='{.spec.template.spec.containers[0].image}'
# Output: nginx:1.25

练习 4：回滚 ​

步骤 ​

步骤 4.1：使用无效镜像更新（有意错误）

bash
kubectl set image deployment/nginx-deploy nginx=nginx:invalid-tag --record
kubectl rollout status deployment/nginx-deploy --timeout=30s

步骤 4.2：检查错误并回滚

bash
kubectl get pods -l app=nginx-deploy
kubectl rollback deployment/nginx-deploy 2>/dev/null || kubectl rollout undo deployment/nginx-deploy
kubectl rollout status deployment/nginx-deploy

验证 ​

bash
IMAGE=$(kubectl get deployment nginx-deploy -o jsonpath='{.spec.template.spec.containers[0].image}')
echo "Current image: $IMAGE"
[ "$IMAGE" = "nginx:1.25" ] && echo "Rollback successful!" || echo "Please verify the image"

清理 ​

bash
kubectl delete pod nginx-lab
kubectl delete deployment nginx-deploy
rm -f /tmp/nginx-pod.yaml /tmp/nginx-deployment.yaml

后续步骤 ​