Kubernetes & Amazon EKS Training

Español

한국어
English
中文
日本語

Español

한국어
English
中文
日本語

Appearance

Gateway y VirtualService ​

Gateway y VirtualService son recursos fundamentales para gestionar el tráfico en Istio.

Tabla de contenido ​

  1. Descripción general de Gateway
  2. Descripción general de VirtualService
  3. Configuración básica
  4. Ejemplos prácticos
  5. Patrones avanzados
  6. Solución de problemas

Descripción general de Gateway ​

Gateway define el punto de entrada para el tráfico externo hacia la malla.

yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
  name: my-gateway
  namespace: istio-system
spec:
  selector:
    istio: ingressgateway  # Select Ingress Gateway pods
  servers:
  - port:
      number: 80
      name: http
      protocol: HTTP
    hosts:
    - "myapp.example.com"
  - port:
      number: 443
      name: https
      protocol: HTTPS
    tls:
      mode: SIMPLE
      credentialName: myapp-tls-secret
    hosts:
    - "myapp.example.com"

Descripción general de VirtualService ​

VirtualService define cómo enrutar el tráfico que entra a través de Gateway.

yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: myapp
  namespace: default
spec:
  hosts:
  - "myapp.example.com"
  gateways:
  - istio-system/my-gateway
  http:
  - match:
    - uri:
        prefix: "/api"
    route:
    - destination:
        host: api-service
        port:
          number: 8080
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: frontend-service
        port:
          number: 3000

Configuración básica ​

Tráfico HTTP ​

yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
  name: http-gateway
spec:
  selector:
    istio: ingressgateway
  servers:
  - port:
      number: 80
      name: http
      protocol: HTTP
    hosts:
    - "*"  # Allow all hosts
---
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: app-routes
spec:
  hosts:
  - "*"
  gateways:
  - http-gateway
  http:
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: myapp
        port:
          number: 8080

Tráfico HTTPS ​

yaml
# Create TLS certificate Secret
kubectl create secret tls myapp-tls \
  --cert=myapp.crt \
  --key=myapp.key \
  -n istio-system
yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
  name: https-gateway
  namespace: istio-system
spec:
  selector:
    istio: ingressgateway
  servers:
  - port:
      number: 443
      name: https
      protocol: HTTPS
    tls:
      mode: SIMPLE
      credentialName: myapp-tls
    hosts:
    - "myapp.example.com"

Ejemplos prácticos ​

Enrutamiento basado en rutas ​

yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: path-routing
spec:
  hosts:
  - "myapp.example.com"
  gateways:
  - my-gateway
  http:
  # API traffic
  - match:
    - uri:
        prefix: "/api/v1"
    route:
    - destination:
        host: api-v1
        port:
          number: 8080
  # Admin traffic
  - match:
    - uri:
        prefix: "/admin"
    route:
    - destination:
        host: admin-service
        port:
          number: 9000
  # Default traffic
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: frontend
        port:
          number: 3000

Enrutamiento basado en encabezados ​

yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: header-routing
spec:
  hosts:
  - reviews
  http:
  # Mobile traffic
  - match:
    - headers:
        user-agent:
          regex: ".*Mobile.*"
    route:
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: mobile-v2
  # Developer traffic
  - match:
    - headers:
        x-dev-user:
          exact: "true"
    route:
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: v3
  # Default traffic
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: reviews
        subset: v1

Configuración multidominio ​

yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
  name: multi-domain-gateway
spec:
  selector:
    istio: ingressgateway
  servers:
  - port:
      number: 443
      name: https-api
      protocol: HTTPS
    tls:
      mode: SIMPLE
      credentialName: api-tls
    hosts:
    - "api.example.com"
  - port:
      number: 443
      name: https-admin
      protocol: HTTPS
    tls:
      mode: SIMPLE
      credentialName: admin-tls
    hosts:
    - "admin.example.com"
---
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: api-routes
spec:
  hosts:
  - "api.example.com"
  gateways:
  - multi-domain-gateway
  http:
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: api-service
---
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: admin-routes
spec:
  hosts:
  - "admin.example.com"
  gateways:
  - multi-domain-gateway
  http:
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: admin-service

Patrones avanzados ​

Redirección de HTTP a HTTPS ​

yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: Gateway
metadata:
  name: secure-gateway
spec:
  selector:
    istio: ingressgateway
  servers:
  # HTTP (for redirect)
  - port:
      number: 80
      name: http
      protocol: HTTP
    hosts:
    - "myapp.example.com"
    tls:
      httpsRedirect: true  # Redirect to HTTPS
  # HTTPS
  - port:
      number: 443
      name: https
      protocol: HTTPS
    tls:
      mode: SIMPLE
      credentialName: myapp-tls
    hosts:
    - "myapp.example.com"

Reescritura de URL ​

yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: url-rewrite
spec:
  hosts:
  - "myapp.example.com"
  gateways:
  - my-gateway
  http:
  - match:
    - uri:
        prefix: "/old-api"
    rewrite:
      uri: "/api/v2"  # URL rewrite
    route:
    - destination:
        host: api-service

Adición/modificación de encabezados ​

yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: header-manipulation
spec:
  hosts:
  - reviews
  http:
  - route:
    - destination:
        host: reviews
    headers:
      request:
        add:
          x-custom-header: "custom-value"
          x-forwarded-proto: "https"
        set:
          x-api-version: "v2"
        remove:
          - x-internal-header
      response:
        add:
          x-response-time: "100ms"

Redirección ​

yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
  name: redirect-example
spec:
  hosts:
  - "myapp.example.com"
  gateways:
  - my-gateway
  http:
  - match:
    - uri:
        prefix: "/old-page"
    redirect:
      uri: "/new-page"
      authority: "newapp.example.com"

Solución de problemas ​

Gateway no funciona ​

bash
# 1. Check Gateway status
kubectl get gateway -n istio-system

# 2. Check Ingress Gateway pods
kubectl get pods -n istio-system -l istio=ingressgateway

# 3. Check Gateway configuration
kubectl describe gateway my-gateway -n istio-system

# 4. Check Envoy configuration
istioctl proxy-config listeners -n istio-system istio-ingressgateway-xxx

Error de enrutamiento de VirtualService ​

bash
# 1. Check VirtualService
kubectl get virtualservice

# 2. Analyze configuration
istioctl analyze

# 3. Check routing rules
istioctl proxy-config routes -n istio-system istio-ingressgateway-xxx

# 4. Check logs
kubectl logs -n istio-system -l istio=ingressgateway --tail=100

Problemas con el certificado TLS ​

bash
# Check Secret
kubectl get secret -n istio-system myapp-tls

# Check Secret contents
kubectl describe secret -n istio-system myapp-tls

# Check Gateway TLS configuration
istioctl proxy-config secret -n istio-system istio-ingressgateway-xxx

Prácticas recomendadas ​

  1. Separación de Namespace: Gateway en istio-system, VirtualService en el Namespace de la aplicación
  2. TLS obligatorio: Use siempre HTTPS en entornos de producción
  3. Especificación explícita de Host: Use dominios explícitos en lugar de comodines (*)
  4. Orden de las condiciones de coincidencia: Primero las condiciones específicas; al final, las generales
  5. Nomenclatura de recursos: Use convenciones de nomenclatura coherentes

Referencias ​