Parte 5: Network Policy

Versiones compatibles: Calico v3.29+ / Kubernetes 1.28+ Última actualización: February 23, 2026

Introducción

Las políticas de red son fundamentales para la seguridad de Kubernetes y controlan el flujo de tráfico entre Pods, namespaces y endpoints externos. Aunque Kubernetes proporciona una API básica de NetworkPolicy, Calico la amplía con potentes funciones que incluyen políticas globales, evaluación de políticas por niveles, reglas basadas en DNS y filtrado de Layer 7.

Este análisis detallado abarca tanto las políticas estándar de Kubernetes como las capacidades ampliadas de Calico, y proporciona patrones y ejemplos para los requisitos de seguridad empresariales.

---

NetworkPolicy estándar de Kubernetes

Fundamentos de NetworkPolicy

Kubernetes NetworkPolicy es un recurso con ámbito de namespace que controla el tráfico hacia y desde los Pods según labels, namespaces y bloques de IP.

Estructura básica de NetworkPolicy

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: example-policy
  namespace: default
spec:
  # Which pods this policy applies to
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      app: web

  # Policy types: Ingress, Egress, or both
  policyTypes:
    - Ingress
    - Egress

  # Ingress rules (who can connect TO these pods)
  ingress:
    - from:
        - podSelector:
            matchLabels:
              app: frontend
        - namespaceSelector:
            matchLabels:
              purpose: monitoring
        - ipBlock:
            cidr: 10.0.0.0/8
            except:
              - 10.0.1.0/24
      ports:
        - protocol: TCP
          port: 8080

  # Egress rules (where these pods can connect TO)
  egress:
    - to:
        - podSelector:
            matchLabels:
              app: database
      ports:
        - protocol: TCP
          port: 5432

Limitaciones de Kubernetes NetworkPolicy

Limitación	Descripción	Solución de Calico
Solo con ámbito de namespace	No se pueden crear políticas para todo el cluster	GlobalNetworkPolicy
Sin orden de políticas	Todas las políticas se evalúan por igual	Políticas por niveles
Sin reglas de denegación	Solo permitir (denegación implícita)	Acciones Deny explícitas
Filtrado L4 limitado	Solo puertos/protocolos básicos	Rangos de puertos, puertos con nombre
Sin filtrado L7	No se puede filtrar por métodos HTTP	Reglas de coincidencia HTTP
Sin compatibilidad con FQDN	No se pueden usar nombres de dominio	Política DNS
Solo centrado en Pods	No se pueden proteger nodos	Host endpoints

---

Extensiones de NetworkPolicy de Calico

Compatibilidad ampliada con protocolos

Calico admite protocolos adicionales además de TCP y UDP:

apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: extended-protocols
  namespace: default
spec:
  selector: app == 'network-tools'

  ingress:
    # ICMP ping
    - action: Allow
      protocol: ICMP
      icmp:
        type: 8  # Echo Request
        code: 0

    # ICMPv6
    - action: Allow
      protocol: ICMPv6
      icmp:
        type: 128  # Echo Request

    # SCTP
    - action: Allow
      protocol: SCTP
      destination:
        ports:
          - 3868  # Diameter

    # UDP with port range
    - action: Allow
      protocol: UDP
      destination:
        ports:
          - 5000:6000  # Port range

Rangos de puertos y puertos con nombre

apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: port-examples
  namespace: default
spec:
  selector: app == 'multi-port-app'

  ingress:
    # Port range
    - action: Allow
      protocol: TCP
      destination:
        ports:
          - 8080:8090

    # Named ports (from pod spec)
    - action: Allow
      protocol: TCP
      destination:
        ports:
          - http      # References containerPort name
          - metrics   # References containerPort name

    # Mix of specific ports and ranges
    - action: Allow
      protocol: TCP
      destination:
        ports:
          - 22
          - 80
          - 443
          - 3000:3100

Sintaxis de selectores mejorada

Calico utiliza una sintaxis de selectores más expresiva que Kubernetes:

apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: selector-examples
  namespace: production
spec:
  # Label equality
  selector: app == 'web'

  ingress:
    # Set membership
    - action: Allow
      source:
        selector: app in {'frontend', 'api-gateway', 'monitoring'}

    # Negation
    - action: Allow
      source:
        selector: app != 'untrusted'

    # Label existence
    - action: Allow
      source:
        selector: has(security-cleared)

    # Combining conditions (AND)
    - action: Allow
      source:
        selector: app == 'backend' && tier == 'internal'

    # Complex expression (OR via multiple rules)
    - action: Allow
      source:
        selector: (app == 'frontend') || (app == 'api')

    # Namespace selector
    - action: Allow
      source:
        namespaceSelector: environment == 'production'
        selector: app == 'authorized-client'

---

GlobalNetworkPolicy

GlobalNetworkPolicy se aplica en todos los namespaces, por lo que es ideal para las reglas de seguridad de todo el cluster.

Estructura de GlobalNetworkPolicy

apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: GlobalNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: cluster-wide-deny-egress
spec:
  # Applies to all pods (empty selector)
  selector: all()

  # Order determines priority (lower = higher priority)
  order: 1000

  types:
    - Egress

  egress:
    # Block access to metadata service
    - action: Deny
      destination:
        nets:
          - 169.254.169.254/32

    # Block access to internal DNS except kube-dns
    - action: Deny
      protocol: UDP
      destination:
        ports:
          - 53
        notSelector: k8s-app == 'kube-dns'

Patrones habituales de GlobalNetworkPolicy

Denegar todo el tráfico de forma predeterminada:

apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: GlobalNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: default-deny-all
spec:
  selector: all()
  order: 10000  # Lowest priority
  types:
    - Ingress
    - Egress

  # Empty rules = deny all
  ingress: []
  egress: []

Permitir servicios esenciales:

apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: GlobalNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: allow-essential-services
spec:
  selector: all()
  order: 100
  types:
    - Egress

  egress:
    # Allow DNS
    - action: Allow
      protocol: UDP
      destination:
        selector: k8s-app == 'kube-dns'
        ports:
          - 53

    # Allow Kubernetes API
    - action: Allow
      protocol: TCP
      destination:
        nets:
          - 10.96.0.1/32  # ClusterIP of kubernetes service
        ports:
          - 443

Bloquear namespaces sensibles:

apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: GlobalNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: protect-kube-system
spec:
  namespaceSelector: kubernetes.io/metadata.name == 'kube-system'
  order: 50
  types:
    - Ingress

  ingress:
    # Only allow from pods with explicit access
    - action: Allow
      source:
        selector: has(kube-system-access)

    # Allow from kube-system itself
    - action: Allow
      source:
        namespaceSelector: kubernetes.io/metadata.name == 'kube-system'

    # Deny everything else (implicit)

---

NetworkSet y GlobalNetworkSet

Los NetworkSets agrupan direcciones IP para reutilizarlas en distintas políticas.

NetworkSet (con ámbito de namespace)

apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: NetworkSet
metadata:
  name: corporate-networks
  namespace: default
  labels:
    network-type: corporate
spec:
  nets:
    - 10.0.0.0/8
    - 172.16.0.0/12
    - 192.168.0.0/16

---
# Reference in policy
apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: allow-corporate
  namespace: default
spec:
  selector: app == 'internal-app'

  ingress:
    - action: Allow
      source:
        selector: network-type == 'corporate'  # References NetworkSet by label

GlobalNetworkSet (con ámbito de cluster)

apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: GlobalNetworkSet
metadata:
  name: external-trusted-ips
  labels:
    network-group: external-trusted
spec:
  nets:
    - 203.0.113.0/24     # Partner network
    - 198.51.100.0/24    # CDN network
    - 192.0.2.50/32      # Specific trusted IP

---
apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: GlobalNetworkSet
metadata:
  name: blocked-countries
  labels:
    network-group: blocked
spec:
  nets:
    # Country IP ranges to block
    - 1.2.3.0/24
    - 5.6.7.0/24

---
# Reference in GlobalNetworkPolicy
apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: GlobalNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: external-access-control
spec:
  selector: has(external-facing)
  order: 200
  types:
    - Ingress

  ingress:
    # Allow trusted external
    - action: Allow
      source:
        selector: network-group == 'external-trusted'

    # Block known bad actors
    - action: Deny
      source:
        selector: network-group == 'blocked'

---

Políticas por niveles

Los niveles proporcionan una evaluación jerárquica de políticas, lo que permite separar las responsabilidades entre los equipos de plataforma, seguridad y aplicaciones.

Orden de evaluación de políticas

Creación de niveles

# Security team tier (highest priority)
apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: Tier
metadata:
  name: security
spec:
  order: 100

---
# Platform team tier
apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: Tier
metadata:
  name: platform
spec:
  order: 200

---
# Application team tier
apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: Tier
metadata:
  name: application
spec:
  order: 500

---
# Default tier (lowest priority, auto-created)
# order: 1000

Ejemplo de política por niveles

# Security tier: Block known threats
apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: GlobalNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: security.block-threats
spec:
  tier: security
  order: 100
  selector: all()
  types:
    - Ingress
    - Egress

  ingress:
    - action: Deny
      source:
        selector: network-group == 'threat-intel'

  egress:
    - action: Deny
      destination:
        selector: network-group == 'malware-c2'

    # Pass to next tier for further evaluation
    - action: Pass

---
# Platform tier: Enforce baseline connectivity
apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: GlobalNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: platform.baseline
spec:
  tier: platform
  order: 100
  selector: all()
  types:
    - Egress

  egress:
    # Allow DNS
    - action: Allow
      protocol: UDP
      destination:
        selector: k8s-app == 'kube-dns'
        ports:
          - 53

    # Allow Kubernetes API
    - action: Allow
      protocol: TCP
      destination:
        services:
          name: kubernetes
          namespace: default

    # Pass to application tier
    - action: Pass

---
# Application tier: Team-specific policies
apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: application.frontend-rules
  namespace: production
spec:
  tier: application
  order: 100
  selector: app == 'frontend'
  types:
    - Ingress
    - Egress

  ingress:
    - action: Allow
      source:
        selector: app == 'ingress-nginx'

  egress:
    - action: Allow
      destination:
        selector: app == 'backend'
        ports:
          - 8080

Integración de RBAC por niveles

# ClusterRole for security team
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  name: security-team-policy-admin
rules:
  - apiGroups: ["projectcalico.org"]
    resources: ["globalnetworkpolicies", "tiers"]
    verbs: ["*"]
    # Can only manage policies in security tier
    resourceNames: ["security.*"]

---
# ClusterRole for application teams
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  name: app-team-policy-admin
rules:
  - apiGroups: ["projectcalico.org"]
    resources: ["networkpolicies"]
    verbs: ["*"]
  - apiGroups: ["projectcalico.org"]
    resources: ["tiers"]
    verbs: ["get", "list"]
    resourceNames: ["application"]

---

Política de Egress basada en FQDN

Calico puede filtrar el tráfico de Egress según nombres de dominio, lo que resulta útil para controlar el acceso a servicios externos.

Configuración de la política DNS

Primero, habilite la política DNS en Felix:

apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: FelixConfiguration
metadata:
  name: default
spec:
  dnsTrustedServers:
    - k8s-service:kube-system/kube-dns
  policySyncPathPrefix: /var/run/nodeagent

Reglas de Egress de FQDN

apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: GlobalNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: allow-specific-domains
spec:
  selector: app == 'external-api-client'
  order: 500
  types:
    - Egress

  egress:
    # Allow specific domains
    - action: Allow
      destination:
        domains:
          - api.github.com
          - "*.amazonaws.com"
          - registry.npmjs.org
      protocol: TCP
      destination:
        ports:
          - 443

    # Allow Google APIs
    - action: Allow
      destination:
        domains:
          - "*.googleapis.com"
          - "*.google.com"
      protocol: TCP
      destination:
        ports:
          - 443

    # Deny all other external
    - action: Deny
      destination:
        notNets:
          - 10.0.0.0/8
          - 172.16.0.0/12
          - 192.168.0.0/16

Patrones de dominios con wildcard

apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: GlobalNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: dns-wildcards
spec:
  selector: all()
  egress:
    # Single wildcard - matches any subdomain
    - action: Allow
      destination:
        domains:
          - "*.example.com"     # Matches api.example.com, www.example.com

    # Does NOT match
    # example.com (no subdomain)
    # deep.sub.example.com (multiple levels)

---

Filtrado de métodos HTTP (Layer 7)

Calico Enterprise y Calico Cloud admiten políticas de Layer 7 para tráfico HTTP.

Reglas de coincidencia HTTP

apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: GlobalNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: l7-http-policy
spec:
  selector: app == 'api-server'
  order: 300
  types:
    - Ingress

  ingress:
    # Allow only GET and HEAD for read-only clients
    - action: Allow
      source:
        selector: role == 'reader'
      http:
        methods:
          - GET
          - HEAD
        paths:
          - prefix: /api/v1/

    # Allow full access for admin clients
    - action: Allow
      source:
        selector: role == 'admin'
      http:
        methods:
          - GET
          - POST
          - PUT
          - DELETE
          - PATCH

    # Allow health checks
    - action: Allow
      http:
        methods:
          - GET
        paths:
          - exact: /health
          - exact: /ready

Filtrado basado en rutas

apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: path-based-policy
  namespace: production
spec:
  selector: app == 'web-app'

  ingress:
    # Public endpoints
    - action: Allow
      http:
        paths:
          - prefix: /public/
          - exact: /

    # Admin endpoints - restricted
    - action: Allow
      source:
        selector: role == 'admin'
      http:
        paths:
          - prefix: /admin/

    # API endpoints - authenticated only
    - action: Allow
      source:
        selector: has(api-access)
      http:
        paths:
          - prefix: /api/

---

Protección de Host Endpoint

Los Host endpoints protegen el tráfico hacia y desde el propio nodo, no solo desde los Pods.

Habilitación de Host Endpoints

apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: FelixConfiguration
metadata:
  name: default
spec:
  defaultEndpointToHostAction: Drop  # or Accept, Return

Definición de Host Endpoint

apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: HostEndpoint
metadata:
  name: node1-eth0
  labels:
    host: node1
    interface: external
spec:
  interfaceName: eth0
  node: node1
  expectedIPs:
    - 10.0.1.10

---
# Policy for host endpoints
apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: GlobalNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: host-ssh-policy
spec:
  selector: interface == 'external'
  order: 100
  types:
    - Ingress

  ingress:
    # Allow SSH from bastion
    - action: Allow
      protocol: TCP
      source:
        nets:
          - 10.0.0.100/32  # Bastion IP
      destination:
        ports:
          - 22

    # Allow kubelet API from control plane
    - action: Allow
      protocol: TCP
      source:
        selector: has(control-plane)
      destination:
        ports:
          - 10250

    # Allow node exporter metrics
    - action: Allow
      protocol: TCP
      source:
        namespaceSelector: kubernetes.io/metadata.name == 'monitoring'
        selector: app == 'prometheus'
      destination:
        ports:
          - 9100

Host Endpoints automáticos

Cree Host endpoints automáticamente para todos los nodos:

apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: FelixConfiguration
metadata:
  name: default
spec:
  defaultEndpointToHostAction: Drop

---
apiVersion: operator.tigera.io/v1
kind: Installation
metadata:
  name: default
spec:
  calicoNetwork:
    hostPorts: Enabled  # Creates auto host endpoints

---

Políticas DoNotTrack y PreDNAT

Políticas DoNotTrack

Las políticas DoNotTrack omiten el seguimiento de conexiones, lo que es útil para escenarios de alto rendimiento:

apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: GlobalNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: high-throughput-no-track
spec:
  selector: app == 'load-balancer'
  order: 10
  types:
    - Ingress
    - Egress

  doNotTrack: true
  applyOnForward: true

  ingress:
    - action: Allow
      protocol: TCP
      destination:
        ports:
          - 80
          - 443

  egress:
    - action: Allow

Políticas PreDNAT

Las políticas PreDNAT se aplican antes del NAT de destino, lo que es útil para controlar el acceso de NodePort:

apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: GlobalNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: restrict-nodeport-access
spec:
  selector: has(kubernetes.io/os)  # Applies to host endpoints
  order: 100
  types:
    - Ingress

  preDNAT: true
  applyOnForward: true

  ingress:
    # Allow NodePort access only from trusted networks
    - action: Allow
      protocol: TCP
      source:
        nets:
          - 10.0.0.0/8
      destination:
        ports:
          - 30000:32767  # NodePort range

    # Deny NodePort from everywhere else
    - action: Deny
      protocol: TCP
      destination:
        ports:
          - 30000:32767

---

Depuración de políticas

Uso de calicoctl

# List all policies
calicoctl get networkpolicy -A
calicoctl get globalnetworkpolicy

# Get policy details
calicoctl get networkpolicy my-policy -n default -o yaml

# Describe endpoints affected by a policy
calicoctl get workloadendpoint -o wide

# Check policy selectors
calicoctl get networkpolicy -o yaml | grep -A5 selector

Comprobación de reglas de iptables

# View Calico chains
iptables -L -n -v | grep -i cali

# View filter table
iptables -t filter -L -n -v

# View NAT table
iptables -t nat -L -n -v

# Count packets by rule
iptables -L cali-fw-xxxxx -n -v

# Watch traffic in real-time
watch -n 1 'iptables -L cali-fw-xxxxx -n -v'

Logs de Felix

# View Felix logs
kubectl logs -n kube-system -l k8s-app=calico-node -c calico-node | grep -i policy

# Increase log verbosity
calicoctl patch felixconfiguration default -p '{"spec":{"logSeverityScreen":"Debug"}}'

# Check policy sync status
kubectl exec -n kube-system calico-node-xxxxx -c calico-node -- calico-node -felix-ready

Depuración del flujo de evaluación de políticas

# Get workload endpoint details
calicoctl get workloadendpoint -n default --selector='app==web' -o yaml

# Check which policies apply
calicoctl get networkpolicy -A -o yaml | grep -B20 "app.*web"

# Test connectivity
kubectl exec -it test-pod -- nc -zv target-pod 8080

---

Biblioteca de patrones de políticas habituales

Patrón de microservicios

# Frontend -> Backend -> Database
---
apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: frontend-policy
  namespace: production
spec:
  selector: app == 'frontend'
  types:
    - Ingress
    - Egress

  ingress:
    - action: Allow
      source:
        selector: app == 'ingress-nginx'

  egress:
    - action: Allow
      destination:
        selector: app == 'backend'
        ports:
          - 8080

---
apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: backend-policy
  namespace: production
spec:
  selector: app == 'backend'
  types:
    - Ingress
    - Egress

  ingress:
    - action: Allow
      source:
        selector: app == 'frontend'
        ports:
          - 8080

  egress:
    - action: Allow
      destination:
        selector: app == 'database'
        ports:
          - 5432

---
apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: database-policy
  namespace: production
spec:
  selector: app == 'database'
  types:
    - Ingress

  ingress:
    - action: Allow
      source:
        selector: app == 'backend'
        ports:
          - 5432

Aislamiento multiinquilino

# Each tenant namespace is fully isolated
apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: GlobalNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: tenant-isolation
spec:
  namespaceSelector: has(tenant)
  order: 500
  types:
    - Ingress
    - Egress

  ingress:
    # Allow same-tenant traffic
    - action: Allow
      source:
        namespaceSelector: tenant == "$(namespace.tenant)"

  egress:
    # Allow same-tenant traffic
    - action: Allow
      destination:
        namespaceSelector: tenant == "$(namespace.tenant)"

    # Allow DNS
    - action: Allow
      protocol: UDP
      destination:
        selector: k8s-app == 'kube-dns'
        ports:
          - 53

Patrón de confianza cero

# Default deny everything
apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: GlobalNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: zero-trust-default-deny
spec:
  selector: all()
  order: 10000
  types:
    - Ingress
    - Egress
  ingress: []
  egress: []

---
# Explicit allow for each service
apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: zero-trust-api-server
  namespace: production
spec:
  selector: app == 'api-server'
  order: 100
  types:
    - Ingress
    - Egress

  ingress:
    - action: Allow
      source:
        selector: app == 'api-gateway'
        namespaceSelector: kubernetes.io/metadata.name == 'production'
      destination:
        ports:
          - 8080

  egress:
    - action: Allow
      destination:
        selector: app == 'database'
        namespaceSelector: kubernetes.io/metadata.name == 'production'
        ports:
          - 5432

    # Allow DNS
    - action: Allow
      protocol: UDP
      destination:
        namespaceSelector: kubernetes.io/metadata.name == 'kube-system'
        selector: k8s-app == 'kube-dns'
        ports:
          - 53

Patrón de control de Egress

# Control outbound internet access
apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: GlobalNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: egress-internet-control
spec:
  selector: has(internet-access)
  order: 300
  types:
    - Egress

  egress:
    # Allow approved external services
    - action: Allow
      destination:
        domains:
          - "*.amazonaws.com"
          - api.github.com
          - registry.npmjs.org
      protocol: TCP
      destination:
        ports:
          - 443

    # Allow internal traffic
    - action: Allow
      destination:
        nets:
          - 10.0.0.0/8
          - 172.16.0.0/12
          - 192.168.0.0/16

---
# Block internet for unlabeled pods
apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: GlobalNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: egress-internet-deny
spec:
  selector: "!has(internet-access)"
  order: 400
  types:
    - Egress

  egress:
    # Allow internal only
    - action: Allow
      destination:
        nets:
          - 10.0.0.0/8
          - 172.16.0.0/12
          - 192.168.0.0/16

    # Deny external
    - action: Deny

Patrón de aislamiento de namespace

# Isolate namespaces by default
apiVersion: projectcalico.org/v3
kind: GlobalNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: namespace-isolation
spec:
  namespaceSelector: has(kubernetes.io/metadata.name)
  order: 800
  types:
    - Ingress

  ingress:
    # Allow same namespace
    - action: Allow
      source:
        namespaceSelector: kubernetes.io/metadata.name == "$(namespace.name)"

    # Allow monitoring namespace
    - action: Allow
      source:
        namespaceSelector: kubernetes.io/metadata.name == 'monitoring'
        selector: app in {'prometheus', 'grafana'}

    # Allow ingress namespace
    - action: Allow
      source:
        namespaceSelector: kubernetes.io/metadata.name == 'ingress-nginx'

---

Impacto de las políticas en el rendimiento

Consideraciones de rendimiento

Factor	Impacto	Mitigación
Número de políticas	Evaluación lineal de reglas	Use políticas por niveles, optimice los selectores
Complejidad de los selectores	Mayor tiempo de coincidencia	Use coincidencias de labels simples
Tamaño del conjunto de IP	Uso de memoria	Agregue rangos de IP
Frecuencia de logs	CPU y almacenamiento	Use muestreo para gran volumen
Seguimiento de conexiones	Memoria para el estado	DoNotTrack para tráfico sin estado

Consejos de optimización

1. Use políticas por niveles: Evalúe primero las reglas de denegación
2. Minimice la complejidad de los selectores: Prefiera la igualdad frente a las operaciones de conjuntos
3. Agregue rangos de IP: Use bloques CIDR en lugar de IP individuales
4. Use GlobalNetworkSet: Reutilice grupos de IP entre políticas
5. Habilite el caché de políticas: Predeterminado en las versiones recientes de Calico

Evaluación comparativa del rendimiento de las políticas

# Measure rule evaluation time
kubectl exec -n kube-system calico-node-xxxxx -c calico-node -- \
  calico-node -felix-ready

# Check dataplane programming time
kubectl logs -n kube-system -l k8s-app=calico-node -c calico-node | \
  grep "Policy sync"

# Monitor iptables rule count
iptables -L -n | wc -l

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Resumen de prácticas recomendadas

Principios de diseño

1. Comience con denegación predeterminada: Incluya en una lista de permitidos el tráfico necesario
2. Use el mínimo privilegio: Permita únicamente los puertos y protocolos necesarios
3. Organice sus políticas en capas: Seguridad -> Plataforma -> Aplicación
4. Etiquete de forma coherente: Use labels estándar para orientar las políticas
5. Documente las políticas: Incluya comentarios que expliquen la intención

Recomendaciones operativas

1. Pruebe primero en staging: Valide las políticas antes de producción
2. Use el modo de auditoría: Registre antes de aplicar nuevas políticas
3. Supervise los recuentos de coincidencias de políticas: Identifique reglas sin uso
4. Revise las políticas regularmente: Elimine las reglas obsoletas
5. Automatice el despliegue de políticas: Use GitOps para gestionar las políticas

Recomendaciones de seguridad

1. Bloquee el servicio de metadatos: Evite ataques SSRF
2. Controle Egress: Limite el acceso externo a destinos aprobados
3. Proteja el control plane: Restrinja el acceso a kube-system
4. Habilite el registro: Audite las conexiones denegadas
5. Use políticas FQDN: Controle el acceso a servicios externos por nombre

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Referencias

• Documentación de Calico Network Policy
• Kubernetes Network Policies
• Tutorial de políticas de Calico
• Prácticas recomendadas de políticas de Tigera