Ops Observability

AWS/EKS observability setup and analysis skill.

Description

Provides observability workflows including CloudWatch setup, PromQL queries, and log analysis.

Trigger Keywords

• "monitoring"
• "log analysis"
• "alarm"
• "observability"
• "logs insights"

Workflow

Step 1: Current State Assessment

# Metrics collection status
kubectl get pods -n amazon-cloudwatch
kubectl get pods -n monitoring
kubectl get pods -n prometheus

# Log groups check
aws logs describe-log-groups --log-group-name-prefix /aws/containerinsights/$CLUSTER_NAME --query 'logGroups[].{name:logGroupName,retention:retentionInDays,size:storedBytes}'

# Alarm status
aws cloudwatch describe-alarms --state-value ALARM --query 'MetricAlarms[].{name:AlarmName,state:StateValue,metric:MetricName}'

Step 2: Setup/Fix

Route to appropriate reference for setup procedures when issues found.

Step 3: Query and Alarm Creation

Use reference files for query templates and threshold guidelines.

Quick Reference

Enable Container Insights

aws eks create-addon --cluster-name $CLUSTER_NAME --addon-name amazon-cloudwatch-observability --addon-version v1.5.0-eksbuild.1

---

PromQL Alarm Rules Extended

Alert Severity Levels

Severity	Response Time	Examples	Notification
critical	< 5 min	Node down, API unreachable	PagerDuty + Slack
warning	< 30 min	High CPU, memory pressure	Slack
info	Next business day	Scaling events	Email/Log

Node Alerts

# Node Not Ready
- alert: NodeNotReady
  expr: kube_node_status_condition{condition="Ready",status="true"} == 0
  for: 5m
  labels:
    severity: critical
  annotations:
    summary: "Node {{ $labels.node }} is NotReady"

# Node Memory Pressure
- alert: NodeHighMemoryUsage
  expr: (1 - node_memory_MemAvailable_bytes / node_memory_MemTotal_bytes) > 0.9
  for: 5m
  labels:
    severity: warning
  annotations:
    summary: "Node {{ $labels.instance }} memory usage above 90%"

# Node Disk Pressure
- alert: NodeHighDiskUsage
  expr: (1 - node_filesystem_avail_bytes{mountpoint="/"} / node_filesystem_size_bytes{mountpoint="/"}) > 0.85
  for: 5m
  labels:
    severity: warning
  annotations:
    summary: "Node {{ $labels.instance }} disk usage above 85%"

# Node CPU High
- alert: NodeHighCPU
  expr: (1 - avg by(instance)(rate(node_cpu_seconds_total{mode="idle"}[5m]))) > 0.9
  for: 10m
  labels:
    severity: warning
  annotations:
    summary: "Node {{ $labels.instance }} CPU above 90%"

Pod Alerts

# Pod CrashLoopBackOff
- alert: PodCrashLooping
  expr: rate(kube_pod_container_status_restarts_total[15m]) * 60 * 15 > 3
  for: 5m
  labels:
    severity: warning
  annotations:
    summary: "Pod {{ $labels.namespace }}/{{ $labels.pod }} restarting frequently"

# Pod OOMKilled
- alert: PodOOMKilled
  expr: kube_pod_container_status_last_terminated_reason{reason="OOMKilled"} == 1
  for: 0m
  labels:
    severity: warning
  annotations:
    summary: "Pod {{ $labels.namespace }}/{{ $labels.pod }} was OOMKilled"

# Pod Pending Too Long
- alert: PodPendingTooLong
  expr: kube_pod_status_phase{phase="Pending"} == 1
  for: 15m
  labels:
    severity: warning
  annotations:
    summary: "Pod {{ $labels.namespace }}/{{ $labels.pod }} pending for 15+ minutes"

# Container CPU Throttling
- alert: ContainerCPUThrottling
  expr: rate(container_cpu_cfs_throttled_periods_total[5m]) / rate(container_cpu_cfs_periods_total[5m]) > 0.5
  for: 10m
  labels:
    severity: warning
  annotations:
    summary: "Container {{ $labels.container }} in {{ $labels.pod }} is being throttled > 50%"

Deployment Alerts

# Deployment Replica Mismatch
- alert: DeploymentReplicaMismatch
  expr: kube_deployment_spec_replicas != kube_deployment_status_ready_replicas
  for: 10m
  labels:
    severity: warning
  annotations:
    summary: "Deployment {{ $labels.namespace }}/{{ $labels.deployment }} has replica mismatch"

# StatefulSet Not Ready
- alert: StatefulSetNotReady
  expr: kube_statefulset_status_replicas_ready != kube_statefulset_status_replicas
  for: 15m
  labels:
    severity: warning
  annotations:
    summary: "StatefulSet {{ $labels.namespace }}/{{ $labels.statefulset }} not fully ready"

# DaemonSet Not Scheduled
- alert: DaemonSetNotScheduled
  expr: kube_daemonset_status_desired_number_scheduled - kube_daemonset_status_current_number_scheduled > 0
  for: 10m
  labels:
    severity: warning
  annotations:
    summary: "DaemonSet {{ $labels.namespace }}/{{ $labels.daemonset }} not fully scheduled"

VPC CNI Alerts

# High IP Utilization
- alert: HighIPUtilization
  expr: awscni_assigned_ip_addresses / awscni_total_ip_addresses > 0.9
  for: 5m
  labels:
    severity: warning
  annotations:
    summary: "VPC CNI IP utilization above 90% on {{ $labels.instance }}"

# ENI Allocation Failures
- alert: ENIAllocationFailure
  expr: increase(awscni_aws_api_error_count[5m]) > 0
  for: 5m
  labels:
    severity: warning
  annotations:
    summary: "VPC CNI API errors detected on {{ $labels.instance }}"

PVC and Network Alerts

# Persistent Volume Usage High
- alert: PVCUsageHigh
  expr: kubelet_volume_stats_used_bytes / kubelet_volume_stats_capacity_bytes > 0.85
  for: 5m
  labels:
    severity: warning
  annotations:
    summary: "PVC {{ $labels.persistentvolumeclaim }} usage above 85%"

# Pod Network Receive Errors
- alert: PodNetworkReceiveErrors
  expr: rate(container_network_receive_errors_total[5m]) > 0
  for: 5m
  labels:
    severity: warning
  annotations:
    summary: "Pod {{ $labels.pod }} experiencing network receive errors"

---

Dashboard Configuration Guide

Container Insights Collected Metrics

Cluster Level

• cluster_node_count - Node count
• cluster_failed_node_count - Failed node count
• cluster_cpu_utilization - CPU utilization
• cluster_memory_utilization - Memory utilization

Node Level

• node_cpu_utilization - Node CPU utilization
• node_memory_utilization - Node memory utilization
• node_network_total_bytes - Total network bytes
• node_filesystem_utilization - Filesystem utilization

Pod/Container Level

• pod_cpu_utilization - Pod CPU utilization
• pod_memory_utilization - Pod memory utilization
• pod_network_rx_bytes - Received bytes
• pod_network_tx_bytes - Transmitted bytes

Container Insights Setup

Method 1: EKS Add-on (Recommended)

# Create IRSA for CloudWatch Agent
eksctl create iamserviceaccount \
  --name cloudwatch-agent \
  --namespace amazon-cloudwatch \
  --cluster $CLUSTER_NAME \
  --attach-policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/CloudWatchAgentServerPolicy \
  --approve

# Install add-on
aws eks create-addon \
  --cluster-name $CLUSTER_NAME \
  --addon-name amazon-cloudwatch-observability \
  --service-account-role-arn <role-arn>

# Verify
aws eks describe-addon --cluster-name $CLUSTER_NAME --addon-name amazon-cloudwatch-observability
kubectl get pods -n amazon-cloudwatch

EKS Control Plane Logging

# Enable all log types
aws eks update-cluster-config \
  --name $CLUSTER_NAME \
  --logging '{"clusterLogging":[{"types":["api","audit","authenticator","controllerManager","scheduler"],"enabled":true}]}'

# Recommended: Enable at minimum
# - api: API server logs
# - audit: Audit logs (security)
# - authenticator: IAM authentication logs

Log Group Structure

/aws/eks/$CLUSTER_NAME/cluster
├── kube-apiserver-*           # API server
├── kube-apiserver-audit-*     # Audit logs
├── authenticator-*            # IAM auth
├── kube-controller-manager-*  # Controller manager
└── kube-scheduler-*           # Scheduler

/aws/containerinsights/$CLUSTER_NAME/application   # App stdout/stderr
/aws/containerinsights/$CLUSTER_NAME/host          # Node system logs
/aws/containerinsights/$CLUSTER_NAME/dataplane     # kubelet, kube-proxy
/aws/containerinsights/$CLUSTER_NAME/performance   # Performance metrics

Essential CloudWatch Alarms

# High CPU
aws cloudwatch put-metric-alarm \
  --alarm-name "$CLUSTER_NAME-high-cpu" \
  --namespace ContainerInsights \
  --metric-name cluster_cpu_utilization \
  --dimensions Name=ClusterName,Value=$CLUSTER_NAME \
  --statistic Average --period 300 --evaluation-periods 2 \
  --threshold 80 --comparison-operator GreaterThanThreshold \
  --alarm-actions $SNS_TOPIC_ARN

# High Memory
aws cloudwatch put-metric-alarm \
  --alarm-name "$CLUSTER_NAME-high-memory" \
  --namespace ContainerInsights \
  --metric-name cluster_memory_utilization \
  --dimensions Name=ClusterName,Value=$CLUSTER_NAME \
  --statistic Average --period 300 --evaluation-periods 2 \
  --threshold 85 --comparison-operator GreaterThanThreshold \
  --alarm-actions $SNS_TOPIC_ARN

# Node Failures
aws cloudwatch put-metric-alarm \
  --alarm-name "$CLUSTER_NAME-node-failure" \
  --namespace ContainerInsights \
  --metric-name cluster_failed_node_count \
  --dimensions Name=ClusterName,Value=$CLUSTER_NAME \
  --statistic Maximum --period 60 --evaluation-periods 2 \
  --threshold 0 --comparison-operator GreaterThanThreshold \
  --alarm-actions $SNS_TOPIC_ARN

Cost Optimization Strategies

Strategy	Savings	Effort
Set log retention (vs. forever)	50-80%	Low
Use Infrequent Access log class	50%	Low
Filter health check logs	10-30%	Low
Reduce metric collection interval (60s vs 30s)	30%	Low
Disable Enhanced Container Insights when not needed	20-40%	Low
Consolidate dashboards (3 free)	100% per dashboard	Low

---

Log Analysis Queries Extended

Control Plane Queries

API Server Errors

fields @timestamp, @message
| filter @logStream like /kube-apiserver/
| filter @message like /error|Error|ERROR/
| sort @timestamp desc
| limit 50

Audit Log - User Activity

fields @timestamp, @message
| filter @logStream like /kube-apiserver-audit/
| parse @message '"user":{"username":"*"' as username
| filter username != "system:serviceaccount:*"
| stats count(*) as actions by username
| sort actions desc

Audit Log - Resource Changes

fields @timestamp, @message
| filter @logStream like /kube-apiserver-audit/
| filter @message like /"verb":"create"/ or @message like /"verb":"delete"/ or @message like /"verb":"update"/
| filter @message like /"resource":"pods"/ or @message like /"resource":"deployments"/ or @message like /"resource":"services"/
| sort @timestamp desc
| limit 100

Authentication Failures

fields @timestamp, @message
| filter @logStream like /authenticator/
| filter @message like /AccessDenied|Forbidden|unauthorized|error/
| sort @timestamp desc
| limit 50

Scheduler Issues

fields @timestamp, @message
| filter @logStream like /kube-scheduler/
| filter @message like /error|failed|unable/i
| sort @timestamp desc
| limit 30

Application Log Queries

Error Rate by Namespace

fields @timestamp, @message, kubernetes.namespace_name
| filter @message like /error/i
| stats count(*) as error_count by kubernetes.namespace_name
| sort error_count desc

Pod Restart Detection

fields @timestamp, @message, kubernetes.pod_name
| filter @message like /Back-off restarting failed container/
| stats count(*) as restart_count by kubernetes.pod_name
| sort restart_count desc

OOMKilled Events

fields @timestamp, @message, kubernetes.pod_name, kubernetes.namespace_name
| filter @message like /OOMKilled|oom-kill|Out of memory/
| sort @timestamp desc
| limit 30

Log Volume by Time

fields @timestamp
| stats count(*) as log_count by bin(1h)
| sort @timestamp

Top Error Messages

fields @timestamp, @message
| filter @message like /error/i
| stats count(*) as count by @message
| sort count desc
| limit 10

Response Time Analysis (JSON Logs)

fields @timestamp, @message
| filter kubernetes.container_name = "api"
| parse @message '{"response_time":*,' as response_time
| filter response_time > 1000
| stats avg(response_time) as avg_rt, max(response_time) as max_rt, percentile(response_time, 95) as p95_rt by bin(5m)

Infrastructure Queries

VPC CNI Errors

-- Log group: /aws/containerinsights/$CLUSTER_NAME/dataplane
fields @timestamp, @message
| filter kubernetes.container_name = "aws-node"
| filter @message like /error|failed|insufficient/i
| sort @timestamp desc
| limit 30

kubelet Issues

-- Log group: /aws/containerinsights/$CLUSTER_NAME/dataplane
fields @timestamp, @message
| filter @message like /kubelet/
| filter @message like /error|failed|unable/i
| sort @timestamp desc
| limit 30

Node System Issues

-- Log group: /aws/containerinsights/$CLUSTER_NAME/host
fields @timestamp, @message
| filter @message like /oom-kill|kernel|panic|error/i
| sort @timestamp desc
| limit 30

Cost Analysis Queries

Log Volume by Container

fields @timestamp, kubernetes.container_name, kubernetes.namespace_name
| stats count(*) as log_lines by kubernetes.container_name, kubernetes.namespace_name
| sort log_lines desc
| limit 20

Identify Noisy Containers

fields @timestamp, kubernetes.container_name, kubernetes.namespace_name
| stats count(*) as log_count by kubernetes.container_name, kubernetes.namespace_name
| filter log_count > 10000
| sort log_count desc

---

Usage Examples

Container Insights Setup

Please set up Container Insights.

Observability skill runs automatically:

1. Check current setup status
2. Provide CloudWatch addon installation command
3. Guide IRSA permission setup
4. Provide metrics collection verification method

Log Analysis

Analyze error logs from the last hour.

Observability skill performs:

1. Check available log groups
2. Write appropriate Logs Insights query
3. Analyze and categorize error patterns
4. Provide cause tracing guide

Reference Files

• references/cloudwatch-setup.md - Container Insights, log groups, dashboards
• references/prometheus-queries.md - PromQL alert rules for EKS
• references/log-analysis-queries.md - CloudWatch Logs Insights query templates